The velocity factor likewise applies to antennas in cases where the antenna conductors are ( partly ) surrounded by a dieletric.
2.
Fortunately the loss resistance of antenna conductors such as aluminum rods can be calculated and the efficiency of an antenna using such materials predicted.
3.
Supposing you are given a transmitting antenna of whatever type of metal is most commonly used these days, and supposing that you are applying an AC current with the intent of transmitting a 1 m wavelength radio signal, about how far is one electron likely to make it in one direction along the antenna conductor in one half cycle from a negative peak to a positive peak, factoring in the likelihood of the presence of antenna material atoms affecting the electron's path?
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